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Living with type 2 diabetes: piece of cake, or bitter pill to swallow? Illness perceptions, and (their role in) self-management and quality of life during the first years of illness.

Puffelen, A.L. van. Living with type 2 diabetes: piece of cake, or bitter pill to swallow? Illness perceptions, and (their role in) self-management and quality of life during the first years of illness. Utrecht: Nivel, 2020. 177 p. p. Proefschrift van de Vrije Universiteit
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Living with type 2 diabetes
Being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) confronts patients with the challenging task of adapting to living with a chronic and progressive condition on a day-to-day basis. Despite the often asymptomatic manifestation of the condition, T2DM can result in serious complications which can have a major impact on the physical and mental health of patients. While active engagement in a multifaceted self-management regimen can diminish the risk of adverse diabetes-related health events, many patients perceive this to be a challenging task in which many barriers are encountered. Patients may also struggle emotionally with their condition and its treatment and (potential) consequences, which can – directly and indirectly - impact on their health. Finally, the progressive nature of the condition may require patients to adapt their self-management strategies over time, for instance, as a result of changes in treatment or complications.

Self-management and quality of life improvement
Considering that coping with a chronic disease and the lifestyle changes inherent to this are difficult for many, ongoing self-management support should be offered throughout the course of illness. We therefore developed the Diacourse study, which aimed to improve self-management and diabetes-specific health-related quality of life (i.e. diabetes distress) by 1) examining the self-management support needs of patients over the course of T2DM, and 2) developing and evaluating three self-management support programmes tailored to patients’ needs in three different phases of the illness process.

Self-management (support)
In this thesis, we focused on self-management (support) during the first few years after diagnosis, which is a phase in the illness process where patients are still figuring out ways to effectively incorporate the condition and its treatment within their daily lives. Particularly challenging in this mainly asymptomatic phase of illness is that many patients do not seem to take their condition seriously and postpone
lifestyle changes and self-care behaviours until diabetes-related complications appear. By targeting patients’ perceptions of their condition and its treatment and challenging the incorrect ones, and by enhancing their feelings of self-efficacy and support from close others, the Living with diabetes course aimed to improve self-management and diabetes-specific health-related quality of life in patients who had been diagnosed with T2DM for 1 – 3 years.