Nivel's dossier Epidemiology of Respiratory Viruses consists of several research sections, which contain projects information and publications. Below an overview and status of the projects and results.
The FluCov Dashboard: understanding the global impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 had a major impact on the global circulation of respiratory viruses, including influenza. In order to understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza activity worldwide, the FluCov Dashboard (short for 'Influenza-COVID-19') offers you a clear view of the current and past circulation of both viruses (since 2019), in a wide range of countries all over the world. Real-time weekly surveillance weekly data are downloaded continuously, for a wide representative sample of range of contextual and geographical representative countries. The FluCov Dashboard is one of the deliverables of the FluCov Research Project.
Section: Influenza
The research projects in this section cover a very wide range of issues related to the epidemiology of influenza. These range from the epidemiology of influenza B to burden of disease estimates. Some of the studies cover a single country (e.g. Kenya), some a region (e.g. Europe) and others are global in nature. Taken together, they aim to better describe the epidemiology of influenza.
- Publications Influenza - Epidemiology of influenza B
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- 2019 | The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century. Caini S, Kusznierz G, Garate VV, Wangchuk S, Thapa B, de Paula Júnior FJ, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Bustos P, Feng L, Peng Z, Araya JL, Bruno A, de Mora D, Barahona de Gámez MJ, Pebody R, Zambon M, Higueros R, Rivera R, Kosasih H, Castrucci MR, Bella A, Kadjo HA, Daouda C, Makusheva A, Bessonova O, Chaves SS, Emukule GO, Heraud JM, Razanajatovo NH, Barakat A, El Falaki F, Meijer A, Donker GA, Huang QS, Wood T, Balmaseda A, Palekar R, Arévalo BM, Rodrigues AP, Guiomar R, Lee VJM, Ang LW, Cohen C, Treurnicht F, Mironenko A, Holubka O, Bresee J, Brammer L, Le MTQ, Hoang PVM, El Guerche-Séblain C, Paget J; Global Influenza B Study team. PLoS One: 2019, 14(9)
- 2015 | Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B: results of the global influenza B study. Caini S, Huang QS, Ciblak MA, Kusznierz G, Owen R, Wangchuk S, Henriques CM, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Yu H, Feng L, Zambon M, Clara AW, Kosasih H, Puzelli S, Kadjo HA, Emukule G, Heraud JM, Ang LW, Venter M, Mironenko A, Brammer L, Mai le TQ, Schellevis F, Plotkin S, Paget J. Influenza Other Respir Viruses: 2015, 9(Sup. 1), 3-12
- Publications Influenza - Severity of infections by virus type, subtype and lineage
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- 2018 | Clinical characteristics and severity of influenza infections by virus (sub)type: a literature review. Caini, S., Kroneman, M., Wiegers, T., Guerche Séblain, C. el, Paget, J. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: 2018, 12(6)
- 2015 | Striking similarities in the presentation and duration of illness of influenza A and B in the community: a study based on sentinel surveillance networks in France and Turkey, 2010-2012. Cohen, J.M., Silva, M.L., Caini, S., Ciblak, M.A., Mosnier, A., Daviaud, I., Matias, G., Badur, S., Valette, M., Enouf, V., Paget, J., Fleming, D.M. PLoS One: 2015, 10(10)
- Publications Influenza - Europe
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- 2017 | The spatiotemporal characteristics of influenza A and B in the WHO European Region: can one define influenza transmission zones in Europe? Caini, S., Alonso, W.J., El-Guerche Séblain, C., Schellevis, F., Paget, J. Eurosurveillance: 2017, 22(35)
- 2012 | The community impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic in the WHO European region: a comparison with historical seasonal data from 28 countries. Martirosyan, L., Paget, W.J., Jorgensen, P., Brown, C.S., Meerhoff, T.J., Pereyaslov, D., Mott, J.A., EUROFLU GROUP. BMC Infectious Diseases: 2012, 12(36)
- 2010 | Assessing the burden of paediatric influenza in Europe: the European Paediatric Influenza Analysis (EPIA) project. Paget, W.J., Balderston, C., Casas, I., Donker, G., Edelman, L, Fleming, D., Larrauri, A., Meijer, A., Puzelli, S., Rizzo, C., Simonsen, L. European Journal of Pediatrics: 2010, 169(8)
- Publications Influenza - World wide
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- 2019 | Epidemiology and timing of seasonal influenza epidemics in the Asia-Pacific region, 2010-2017: implications for influenza vaccination programs. Guerche Séblain, C. el, Caini, S., Paget, J., Vanhems, P., Schellevis, F. BMC Public Health: 2019, 19(331)
- 2017 | Estimating influenza and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in Western Kenya using health and demographic surveillance system data, 2007-2013. Emukule GO, Spreeuwenberg P, Chaves SS, Mott JA, Tempia S, Bigogo G, Nyawanda B, Nyaguara A, Widdowson MA, van der Velden K, Paget JW. PLoS One: 2017, 2(7)
- 2017 | Characteristics of seasonal influenza A and B in Latin America: influenza surveillance data from ten countries. Caini, S., Alonso, W.J., Balmaseda, A., Bruno, A., Busto, P., Castillo, L., Lozano, C. de, Mora, D. de, Fasce, R. A., Ferreira de Almeida, W.A., Kusznierz, G.F., Lara, J., Matute, M.L., Moreno, B., Pessanha Henriques, C.M., Rudi, J.M., El-Guerche Séblain, C., Schellevis, F., Paget, J. PLoS One: 2017, 12(3)
- 2018 | Epidemiology of seasonal influenza in the Middle East and North Africa regions, 2010-2016: Circulating influenza A and B viruses and spatial timing of epidemics. Caini, S., El-Guerche Séblain, C., Ciblak, M.A., Paget, J. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: 2018, 12(3), 344-352
- Publications Influenza - Role of meteorological factors on influenza activity
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- 2018 | Climatic factors and long-term trends of influenza-like illness rates in The Netherlands, 1970–2016. Caini, S., Spreeuwenberg, P., Donker, G., Korevaar, J., Paget, J. Environmental Research: 2018, 167, 307-313
- Publications Influenza - National Influenza Technical Advisory Groups (NiTAGs)
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- 2014 | Information used in the decision-making process regarding influenza vaccination policy: perceptions of stakeholders in France and the Netherlands. Silva, M.L., Perrier, L., Paget, J., Mosnier, A., Buthion, V., Cohen, J.M., Späth, H.M. Value in Health: 2014, 17(7) A 329. Abstract: ISPOR 17th Annual European Congress. Amsterdam – November, 2014
- Publications Influenza - New forms of surveillance
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- 2020 | Using web search queries to monitor influenza-like illness: an exploratory retrospective analysis, Netherlands, 2017/18 influenza season. Schneider, P.P., Gool, C.J.A.W. van, Spreeuwenberg, P., Hooiveld, M., Donker, G.A., Barnett, D.J., Paget, J. Eurosurveillance: 2020, 25(21), 10 p
- 2006 | Internet-based monitoring of influenza-like illness (ILI) in the general population of the Netherlands during the 2003-2004 influenza season. Marquet, R.L., Bartelds, A.I.M., Noort, S.P. van, Koppeschaar, C.E., Paget, J., Schellevis, F.G., Zee, J. van der. BMC Public Health: 2006, 6(242)
- Publications Influenza - Impact of vaccination on morbidity and mortality
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- 2021 | Impact of influenza vaccination in the Netherlands, 2007-2016: Vaccinees consult their general practitioner for clinically diagnosed influenza, acute respiratory infections, and pneumonia more often than non-vaccinees.
Caini, S., Paget, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Korevaar, J.C., Meijer, A., Hooiveld, M. Plos One: 2021, 16(5)
- Publications Influenza - PhD's
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Section: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
The research projects in this section cover national burden estimates of RSV and the role of meteorological factors on RSV activity. The first two papers are international studies and the third one is an analysis performed for the Netherlands.
- Publications RSV - Burden estimates
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- 2020 | National burden estimates of hospitalisations for acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2019 among 58 countries: a modelling study. Li, Y., Johnson, E.K., Shi, T., Campbell, H., Chaves, S.S., Commaille-Chapus, C., Dighero, I., James, S.L., Mahé, C., Ooi, Y., Paget, J., Pomeren, T. van, Viboud, C., Nair, H. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine: 2020
- 2017 | Estimating influenza and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in Western Kenya using health and demographic surveillance system data, 2007-2013. Emukule, G.O., Spreeuwenberg, P., Chaves, S.S., Mott, J.A., Tempia, S., Bigogo, G., Nyawanda, B., Nyaguara, A., Widdowson, M.A., Velden, K. van der, Paget, J. PLoS One: 2017, 12(7)
- Publications RSV - Role of meteorological factors on RSV activity
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- 2021 | Defining the seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus around the world: National and subnational surveillance data from 12 countries. Staadegaard, L., Caini, S., Wangchuk, S., Thapa, B., Almeida, W.A.F. de, Carvalho, F.C. de, Fasce, R.A., Bustos, P., Kyncl, J., Novakova, L., Caicedo, A.B., Mora Coloma, D.J. de, Meijer, A., Hooiveld, M., Huang, Q.S., Wood, T., Guiomar, R., Rodrigues, A.P., Lee, V.J.M., Ang, L.W., Cohen, C., Moyes, J., Larrauri, A., Delgado-Sanz, C., Demont, C., Bangert, M., Dückers, M., Summeren, J. van, Paget, J. Journal of Infectious Diseases: 2021, p. 1-10
- 2009 | Variation of respiratory syncytial virus and the relation with meteorological factors in different winter seasons. Meerhoff, T.J., Paget, W.J., Kimpen, J.L., Schellevis, F. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal: 2009, 28(10), 860-866
- Publications RSV - PhD's
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Section: COVID-19
The research projects in this section cover the issue of COVID-19 mortality, the link between influenza vaccination and COVID-19, and serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
- Publications COVID-19 - Mortality
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- 2021 | Monitoring the mortality impact of COVID-19 in Europe: What can be learned from 2009 influenza H1N1p mortality studies? Staadegaard, L., Taylor, R.J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Caini, S., Simonsen, L., Paget, J. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: 2021, 102, 115-117
- Publications COVID-19 - Effects of the influenza vaccination on COVID-19
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- 2020 | The impact of influenza vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence and lessons for public health policies. Paget, J., Caini, S., Cowling, B., Esposito, S., Falsey, A.R., Gentile, A., Kyncl, J., MacIntyre, C., Pitman, R., Lina, B. Vaccine: 2020, 38(42), 6485-6486
- 2020 | The Association between Influenza Vaccination and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Severe Illness, and Death: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Del Riccio, M., Lorini, C., Bonaccorsi, G., Paget, J., Caini, S. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: 2020, 17(21), 7870
- Publications COVID-19 - Serological testing
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- 2020 | Meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to 25 April 2020 and public health implications. Caini, S., Bellerba, F., Corso, F., Díaz-Basabe, A., Natoli, G., Paget, J., Facciotti, F., De Angelis, S.P., Raimondi, S., Palli, D., Mazzarella, L., Pelicci, P.G., Vineis, P., Gandini, S. Eurosurveillance: 2020, 25(23), 5 p.
Section: Surveillance (European Influenza Surveillance Scheme: EISS)
The EISS project was part of efforts to create a European influenza surveillance system that were initiated in the mid-1980s. The first project was called the Eurosentinel scheme (1987-1991) and this was followed by the ENS-CARE Influenza Early Warning Scheme (1991-1994), the European Influenza Early Warning and Surveillance Scheme (1995) and EISS (1996-2008).The EISS project was hosted by Nivel from 1999 to 2008, before it was transferred to ECDC on 2 September 2008. The surveillance network is now called the European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN).
The EISS project began with the participation of seven countries: Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom, and grew into a network that covered 26 of the 27 EU countries, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Ukraine during the 2006-2007 season.
- Publications Surveillance - Seasonal reports
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- 2007 | Epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in Europe, during the winter 2005-2006. Meijer, A., Meerhoff, T.J., Meuwissen, L.E., Velden, J. van der, Paget, W.J. Eurosurveillance Monthly: 2007, 12(9), E11-E12
- 2006 | Epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in Europe, during the 2004-2005 winter. Meijer, A., Paget, W.J., Meerhoff, T.J., Brown, C.S., Meuwissen, L.E., Velden, J. van der. Eurosurveillance Quarterly: 2006, 11(4-6), 111-118
- Publications Surveillance - Technical reports
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- 2003 | Heterogeneous case definitions used for the surveillance of influenza in Europe. Aguilera, J.F., Paget, W.J., Mosnier, A., Heijnen, M.L., Uphoff, H., Velden, J. van der. European Journal of Epidemiology: 2003, 18(8), 751-754
- 2005 | Geographic mapping method shows potential for mapping influenza activity in Europe. Saito, R., Paget, J., Hitaka, S., Sakai, T., Sasaki, A., Velde, K. van der, Suzuki, H. Eurosurveillance: 2005, 10(10)
- 2002 | Development of a protocol to evaluate the quality of clinical influenza data collected by sentinel practitioners in Europe. Aguilera, J.F., Paget, W.J., Velden, J. van der. Eurosurveillance Monthly: 2002, 7(11), 158-160
- Publications Surveillance - Virological reports
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- 2009 | Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus A (H1N1), Europe, 2007/08 season. Meijer, A., Lackenby, A., Hungnes, O., Lina, B., Werf, S. van der, Schweiger, B., Opp, M., Paget, J., Kassteele, J. van de, Hay, A., Zambon, M. Emerging Infectious Diseases: 2009, 15(4), 552-560
- 2008 | Emergence of resistance to oseltamivir among influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Europe. Lackenby, A., Hungnes, O., Dudman, S.G., Meijer, A., Paget, W.J., Hay, A.J., Zambon, M.C. Eurosurveillance: 2008, 13(5), 8026
- 2005 | Implementation of the community network of reference laboratories for human influenza in Europe. Meijer, A., Valette, M., Manuguerra, J.C., Perez-Brena, P., Paget, J., Brown, C., Velden, K. van der. Journal of Clinical Virology: 2005, 34(1), 87-96
- 2004 | Methods for sentinel virological surveillance of influenza in Europe: an 18-country survey. Meerhoff, T.J., Meijer, A., Paget, W.J. Eurosurveillance: 2004, 9(1), 35-38
- 2004 | Harmonising the virological surveillance of influenza in Europe: results of an 18-country survey. Meerhoff, T.J., Paget, W.J., Aguilera, J.F., Velden, J. van der. Virus Research: 2004, 103, 31-33
- Publications Surveillance - Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
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- 2009 | Progress in the surveillance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Europe: 2001-2008. Meerhoff, T.J., Mosnier, A., Schellevis, F., Paget, W.J. Eurosurveillance: 2009, 14(40), 14-18
- 2008 | The impact of laboratory characteristics on molecular detection of respiratory syncytial virus in a European multicentre quality control study. Meerhoff, T.J., MacKay, W.G., Meijer, A., Paget, W.J., Niesters, H.G.M., Kimpen, J.L.L., Schellevis, F. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: 2008, 14(12), 1173-1176
- 2006 | Surveillance recommendations based on an exploratory analysis of respiratory syncytial virus reports derived from the European Influenza Surveillance System. Meerhoff, T.J., Fleming, D., Smith, A., Mosnier, A., Gageldonk-Lafeber, A.B. van, Paget, W.J., EISS RSV Task Group. BMC Infectious Diseases: 2006, 6(128)
- Publications Surveillance - Public health commentaries
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- 2009 | Influenza virus resistance to oseltamivir: what are the implications? Fleming, D.M., Elliot, A.J., Meijer, A., Paget, W.J. European Journal of Public Health: 2009, 19(3), 238-239
- 2006| Europe's preparedness for an influenza pandemic: commentary. Paget, W.J. European Journal of Public Health: 2006, 16(2), 121
- 2003 | The evolution of influenza surveillance in Europe and prospects for the next ten years. Fleming, D.M., Velden, J. van der, Paget, W.J. Vaccine: 2003, 21(16), 1749-1753
- Publications Surveillance - Annual Reports
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- 2008 | European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS): annual report 2006-2007 influenza season. Arkema, A., Paget, J., Meijer, A., Meerhoff, T., Velden, K. van der, Faassen, A. Utrecht: NIVEL, 2008
- Publications Surveillance – Weekly Electronic Bulletins
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Section: Influenza Vaccination
The research projects in this section cover the issue of measuring and monitoring influenza vaccination coverage and identifying the right time to vaccinate in a country (Kenya) or region (e.g. Europe or North Africa and the Middle East). The work in the last section (‘When to vaccinate in the tropics/ subtropics’) was led by WHO HQ.
- Publications Influenza Vaccination - Coverage
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- 2008 | An approach to monitor influenza vaccination uptake across Europe. Kroneman, M., Paget, J., Meuwissen, L., Joseph, C., Kennedy, H. Eurosurveillance: 2008, 13(20)
- 2006 | Influenza vaccination coverage and reasons to refrain among high-risk persons in four European countries. Kroneman, M., Essen, G.A. van, Paget, J. Vaccine: 2006, 24, 622-628
- 2004 | Does a population survey provide reliable influenza vaccine uptake rates among high-risk groups? A case-study of the Netherlands. Kroneman, M.W., Essen, G.A. van, Tacken, M.A.J.B., Paget, W.J., Verheij, R. Vaccine: 2004, 22
- 2003 | Influenza vaccination in Europe: an inventory of strategies to reach target populations and optimise vaccination uptake. Kroneman, M., Paget, W.J., Essen, G.A. van. Eurosurveillance Monthly: 2003, 8(6), 130-138
- Publications Influenza Vaccination - When to vaccinate
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- 2016 | Influenza activity in Kenya, 2007–2013: timing, association with climatic factors, and implications for vaccination campaigns. Emukule, G.O., Mott, J.A., Spreeuwenberg, P., Viboud, C., Commanday, A., Muthoka, P., Munywoki, P.K., Nokes, D.J., Velden, K. van der, Paget, W.J. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: 2016, 10(5), 375-385
- 2018 | Epidemiology of seasonal influenza in the Middle East and North Africa regions, 2010-2016: Circulating influenza A and B viruses and spatial timing of epidemics. Caini, S., El-Guerche Séblain, C., Ciblak, M.A., Paget, J. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: 2018, 12(3), 344-352
- 2016 | Important changes in the timing of influenza epidemics in the WHO European Region over the past 20 years: virological surveillance 1996 to 2016. Caini, S., Schellevis, F., Guerche Séblain, C. el, Paget, J. Eurosurveillance: 2018, 23(1)
- 2016 | Seasonal influenza vaccine policy, use and effectiveness in the tropics and subtropics: a systematic literature review. Hirve, S., Lambach, P., Paget, J., Vandemaele, K., Fitzner, J., Zhang, W. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: 2016, 10(4), 254-267
- 2016 | Influenza seasonality in the tropics and subtropics: when to vaccinate? Hirve, S., Newman, L.P., Paget, J., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Fitzner, J., Bhat, N., Vandemaele, K., Zhang, W. PLoS One: 2016, 11(4)
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- Publications Influenza Vaccination - Antimicrobial Resistance
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Funding
We would like to thank the funders for supporting us with this work. The funders include: European Commission, WHO HQ, WHO Euro, CDC, Sanofi Pasteur, AstraZeneca, the Fondation de France and Nivel (internal research grants), Roche and GSK (which partly funded the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme).
Nivel project team
The Nivel project team consists of:
- Jojanneke van Summeren MSc, researcher RSV ComNet Nivel
- Saverio Caini, MD, PhD, EPIET, guest researcher Nivel; medical doctor specialized in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine and a medical epidemiologist
Want to know more?
For more information on this topic, please feel free to get in touch with the Nivel expert(s) involved. You will find them on the right, together with the (future) Nivel deliverables (publications) and other relevant content.
Summeren, J. van
. Dossier Epidemiology of Respiratory Viruses. From: www.nivel.nl [Last update 08-March-2024; consulted on 20-January-2025]. URL: https://www.nivel.nl/en/dossiers-clustered-information/dossier-epidemiology-respiratory-viruses
